Sunday, December 29, 2019

Bronfenbrenner s Ecological Systems Theory And Its Impact...

The purpose of this essay is to provide an overview of Bronfenbrenner s ecological systems theory and its impact on early childhood development. The researcher will review key literature to present a background of the ecological approach. Furthermore, the researcher will discuss how to implement the ecological approach to develop a quality learning environment for early childhood education (i.e., for children 0-8 years). A summary will conclude the essay. Ecological Systems Theory Background Bronfenbrenner s ecological systems theory describes â€Å"a child’s development within the context of the system of relationships that form his or her environment† (Paquette Ryan, 2001, p. 1). Notably, Bronfenbrenner was the cofounder of the head start program. Most recently, researchers have changed the name of ecological systems to bioecological systems to show the importance of a child’s own biological environment. The child’s biology was found to be a fundamental factor of their environment and also development (Paquette Ryan, 2001). The theory is composed of complex environmental levels, which influences the child’s overall development. To clarify, Bronfenbrenner developed three levels or systems, which includes (a) microsystem, (b) mesosystem, and (c) exosystem (Paquette Ryan, 2001). The microsystem covers those elements a child has direct interactions with, such as their family, school, or daycare . The mesosystem is comprised of the child’s indirect environment, suchShow MoreRelatedUrie Bronfenbrenner and his Ecological Systems Theory Essay example1063 Words   |  5 Pagesequipped to meet the needs of the children. Urie Bronfenbrenner’s ecological theory â€Å"looks at children’s development within the context of the systems of relationships that form their environment.† (MORRISON, 2009) This theory describes multifaceted tiers within the environment, where each layer has a specific influence upon a child’s development. Within Bronfenbrenner theory there are five interconnecting ecological systems: I. Microsystem: this tier is the closest one to the child and consistsRead MoreThe Bronfenbrenner Theory Essay1228 Words   |  5 PagesThe composition of Urie Bronfenbrenner’s ecological theory cultivate a framework to study the numerous connections between the developing child from mother and father relationships to the environment, community settings, cultural influences and financial factors. The four levels of environmental stimuli the micro- , meso- , exo- and macrosystems, each intermingled within one another representing degrees of personal connections. Change and constancy are mediated by the passage of time. The chronosystemRead MoreThe Role Of Heredity And Environment On Learning Theory1009 Words   |  5 PagesEnvironment in Learning Theory With regards to human development, is it determined by heredity or the environment? What is the importance of the answer to this question? Several developmental psychologists have researched this question and provided possible theories to answer it. This paper will take a look at three leading theorists on the subject-Bronfenbrenner, Piaget and Vygotsky. By means of personal reflection into my own learning experience, I will analyze which theory best describes my understandingRead MoreSocial, Family And Environmental Influences On Human Development Essay1554 Words   |  7 Pages Human Development †¢ Introduction †¢ Cultural context Social influence (Vygotsky) †¢ Physical environment (Vygotsky) †¢ Family influence (Bowlby) †¢ Social and family environment (Bronfenbrenner) †¢ Conclusions †¢ References â€Å"You cannot predict the outcome of human development .All you can do like a farmer create the conditions under which it wellbeing flourish(Robinson.K.2001)This essay will discussed social , family and environmental influences on human development ,across in whole life-spanRead MoreThe Impact Of Divorce On Childhood Development2370 Words   |  10 Pages The Impact of Divorce on Childhood Development Based on the Ecological Systems Theory Gianna Marie Helmer, LPN Excelsior College Abstract The first three years of a child s life are the most significant for growth and development, both mentally and physically. Young children perceive situations and events that occur in their environment differently depending on their developmental stage. Urie Bronfenbrenner is a psychologist that came up with the Ecological Systems TheoryRead MoreWhat Role Do Relationships Play in Developing Positive Learning Environments?1726 Words   |  7 PagesWhat role do relationships play in developing positive learning environments? Relationships play a very influential role in the development of a positive learning environment, as the relationship between the child’s immediate environment and settings all need to co-exist and work collaborative together, to form a positive learning environment. Relationships need to be formed, as it provides for the child with consistent support and can assist the child to develop skills and understandings they needRead MoreThe Three Developmental Processes Are Biological1361 Words   |  6 Pagesthe physical development of an individual, such as perceptual and motor capacities and changes in the body’s size, while the Cognitive process focuses on the cognitive development [memory, creativity, language, and knowledge]. The Socioemotional developmental process is focused on the changes in the individual’s psychosocial development, so it covers changes involving self-sufficiency and self-understanding, along with their morality and emotional communication. E ach period of development includes piecesRead MoreAnalysis Of Eriksons Theory On Early Childhood Education1212 Words   |  5 Pagesmade an impact on early childhood education. Knowing the teoriests and the ideas that they had is vital in the education profession. Erik Erikson Hope is both the earliest and the most indispensable virtue inherent in the state of being alive. If life is to be sustained hope must remain, even where confidence is wounded, trust impaired. - Erik Erikson Erik Erikson (1902-1994) was a Germon born developmental psychologist and psychoanalyst known for his theory on psychosocial development of humanRead MoreThe Importance Of A Childs Form Of Attachment And The Effects It Can Have On Their Development2031 Words   |  9 Pagesimportance of a child’s form of attachment and the effects it can have on their development. I will also look in depth at Uri Bronfenbrenner’s work on the Ecological systems of human development to gain insight into how social and cultural influences can impact behaviour. Furthermore I will look at a range of behaviours that Tracy has shown, as a result of her family upbringing and how Susie’s drug misuse may have had an impact on their attachment and led to Tracy showing signs of resilience. I will discussRead MoreTe Whariki1308 Words   |  6 PagesWhariki: Early Childhood Curriculum in which we follow as a framework for teaching in New Zealand. This report is going to cover the three broad age groups Te Whariki is based upon. It will explain the principles and strands of Te Whariki and the impact it has on a developing child. It will describe the purpose of Te Whariki and discuss ways it is used by early childhood education services throughout New Zealand. It will describe Te Whariki’s support for bi-culturalism throughout the early childhood

Saturday, December 21, 2019

Inflation and Government Economic Policies - 1147 Words

| Inflation and Government Economic Policies | M3:A2 | 5/1/2013 | | ECO 201 M3:A2 5/1/13 1. What is inflation? Inflation is an increase in prices for goods and services (What is Inflation?). What are the causes of inflation? Inflation has a variety of possible causes, but they are between the Keynesian and monetarist theories, ranging between demand-pull, cost-push, built-in inflation, and the quantity model. With demand-pull, inflation is caused by aggregate demand being more than supply. With cost-push, inflation is caused when manufacturers and businesses raise prices due to shortages in order to balance increases in production costs. With built-in inflation, inflation occurs due to prior increases in prices†¦show more content†¦Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U): U.S. city average, by expenditure category, 2013). (Consumer Price Index-All Urban Consumers). 3. What is the Producer Price Index (PPI)? Producer Price Index (PPI) is an economic index that keeps track of the cost of production or wholesale prices for certain goods and services (What Is a Producer Price Index?). How has the PPI behaved since the year 2000? The PPI behavior has decreased since the year 2000. What have been the causes of these changes? In your response, include a graph of the PPI for this period and cite your source. The causes of these changes are due to a decline in finished goods such as finished energy. Finished energy has fell 3.4 percent in March, marking it the largest decline since 2010 with a 3.5 percent decrease. There was also a 6.8 percent decline in gasoline due lower prices for diesel fuel and home heating oil (Short, 2013). (Short, 2013). 4. What is the Consumer Expenditure Survey (CE)? Consumer Expenditure Survey (CE) is a survey that provides information on the buying and spending habits of consumers in an economy (What Is Consumer Expenditure?). How has the Survey behaved since the year 2000? The Consumer Expenditure Survey (CE) behavior has been fluctuating since the year 2000. What have been the causes of these changes? In your response, include a graphShow MoreRelatedModern Egyptian Economy1526 Words   |  6 Pageswitnessing a series of economic and political reforms since the beginning of the 21st century. Starting from post-Gamal Abdel-Nasser’s era in 1990 several economic reforms and monetary policies have been implemented by the Central Bank of Egypt (CBE) and other economic institutions. The economic reforms started by the Economic Reform and Structural Adjustment Programme (ERSAP), offered by the International Monetary Fund (IMF), in 1991 with the aim of amending the economic imbalance of demand andRead MoreEvaluate Two Macroeconomic Objectives the Government in Your Home Country Aims to Achieve and How Effective Is the Government in Achieving Them?1286 Words   |  6 Pageswill examine how British macroeconomic policies have attempted to reduce the damage of recent economic turbulence in the US on the UK economy. Macroeconomics, policies that aim to improve economic growth, maximise national income and raise the standard of living for citizens, have four main methods: full employment, inflation, balance of payments, equilibrium of supply and demand. In this essay I will look at: inflation and taxation. I will describe the policies followed, how they were put into practiseRead MoreEconomic Development Of A Country1027 Words   |  5 Pagesinvolved. We cannot get rid of economic if we want to talk about development. The term economics can be defined as the science of how people and societies deal with their limited resources to satisfy their unlimited wants (Miller, 2012). The development of a country is based on many characteristics, such as the average income per capita, level of education, the death rate every year, the population health, and many more, but the most important characteristic is the economic activity of a country, thereforeRead MoreThe Bank Of Canada s Inflation Targeting Policy925 Words   |  4 PagesFederal governments through the central banks bear the role sustaining a stable economy for its citizens. Besides the fiscal policy, monetary policy is a core approach utilized to regulate the money supply in the economy. In an economic perspective, increased money supply strengthens the consumers ‘purchasing power prompting them to continue borrowing with an urge to invest. Consequently, interests rate raises while the price for bonds lowers, thus causing inflation. To level, the government may interveneRead MoreThe Conflict Between Inflation And Unemployment1374 Words   |  6 PagesInflation in particular is likely to occur when growth is above the long run trend rate and the aggregated demand increases faster than aggregated supply. China and India are two countries where this combination of strong economic growth and rising inflation has been seen in recent years. In 2010, China grew by 9.8% but her inflation rate was 4.9% and rising. India grew by 8.6% but he r inflation rate was 8.3%. Persistently higher rates of inflation can then have negative effects on internationalRead MoreImpact of Budget Deficit Policy1328 Words   |  6 PagesWith an outline development goal who will achieved through the policy of macro economy is in order to reach the level of unemployment is low gainful price stability, economic growth as expected and distribution income it equal. To achieve development goal the government allocated to finance through budget state that are arranged every year. One of the fiscal policies implemented that related to the budget is a budget deficit, a policy which the state revenues are less than the state expenditure.Read MoreThe Australian Government’s Implementation of the Economic Stimulus Plan746 Words   |  3 PagesInflation can be described as the sustained increase in the general level of prices over a given period of time, usually one year. Inflation can have negative effects on many of the key economic outcomes such as economic growth, exports, international competitiveness and income inequality. Inflation is measured in Australia by the Consumer Price Index (CPI); the CPI outlines the movement in the prices of a basket of goods and services that are weighted according to their importance for the averageRead MoreThe Meaning of Inflation Essay examples1084 Words   |  5 PagesMeaning of Inflation There are four macroeconomic policy objectives that a government pursues: high and stable economic growth, low unemployment, low inflation, the avoidance of balance of payments deficits and excessive exchange rate fluctuations. Some of these policy objectives may conflict with each other depending on the priorities of the government. A policy designed to accelerate the rate of economic growth may result in a higher rate of inflation and balanceRead MoreDiscuss the Economic Policy Conflicts That Arise in the Pursuit of Economic Growth978 Words   |  4 Pages1. Discuss the economic policy conflicts that arise in the pursuit of economic growth Maintaining economic growth between 3-4% has been the Australian Government’s main economic objective. By managing sustainable level of economic growth, Australia may benefit through positive effects such as higher capita incomes and living standards. Although Australia has had relatively stable rate of economic growth during the 1990s to 2000s with an average of 3.3%, Australia has had issues including the depletionRead MoreThe Functions of The Central Bank Essay1381 Words   |  6 Pagescredit. More specifically, the central bank uses its monetary policy tools to achieve certain objectives for the benefit of the economic interests of the nation and also to consistent with the government fiscal policy. The idea of central bank can trace back to 17th century. Ever since, a number of countries, such as France, New Zealand, Spain, and the United Kingdom, enact law to make their own central banks more isolate from the government after witnessing the good practice of Germany and Switzerland

Friday, December 13, 2019

Crisis De-escalation Team Free Essays

string(89) " in an acute inpatient ward and early intervention unit within the psychiatric hospital\." A lot change of initiatives have been developed over the years on different ways to manage escalating crisis in the psychiatric hospital wards and there are triggers to these violence, aggression and crisis that often escalate and end up resulting to using restrictive practices. In response to these violence and aggression from the service users on the ward and physical intervention used to manage the behaviour, Crisis de-escalation team change initiative proposal will aim at the triggers to violence, minimise rising behaviours from escalating, improving quality of care provided to the service users by healthcare professionals and ultimately meeting the needs of service users to reduces distress. This intended change implementation initiative will draw references from Centre for the Advancement of Positive Behaviour Support on the organisation’s crisis reduction strategy; references will also be drawn from Royal College of Nursing Consultation on guidance to the minimisation of and alternatives to restrictive practices in health and adult social care. We will write a custom essay sample on Crisis De-escalation Team or any similar topic only for you Order Now The change initiative will recognise the fact that service users will engage in challenging behaviours because of their unmet needs, exposure to environment and interactions which they may disagree with or find challenging to their believes and often have generally less quality of life. Often times people’s behaviour represent a desperate attempt to change the status quo, do things their own way or attempt to meet their own unmet needs. Background There are rising incidents of aggression and violence from the service users on the ward. This report is based on accuracy observations incident reports on the ward and research/ data analysis carried out, which shows that about 9 in 10 of service users interviewed on the ward agreed that aggressive challenging behaviours from service users have increased and healthcare professionals unanimously agreed to that. These are negative attitude and challenging behaviours that can better be managed if the ward has a plan to tackle the causes or better known as triggers. Change proposal to implement Crisis De-escalation Team in an intensive care unit (ICU) ward of a mental health hospital will challenge triggers of aggression and crisis from escalating and manage the situation. It will further help to limit the frequent use of restrictive practices and reduce isolation of service users that exhibited challenging and unmanageable behaviour. Crisis De-escalation Team is not about stopping any specific interventions, nor to have general overhaul of existing practices, but it is rather to have some ward based healthcare professionals specifically trained to identify potential crisis and the triggers, then be ready to step in at any escalating situation on the ward, engage with the situation and everyone involved and de-escalate the issue. The change initiative was motivated through research studies that showed likely change implementation was successful in psychiatric hospital wards in Australia and home treatment team unit in an NHS trust in London.According a review carried out by Australian Mental health commission (2014) on evaluation studies of crisis escalation and restraint reduction programmes, it identified that increasing staff level and implementation of crisis de-escalation/resolution team is successful on reducing the regular and duration of seclusion and restraint use while maintaining safe environment on the ward. Crisis de-escalation team should comply with all the policy protocols, ensures the ward and trust standard are maintained with regards to quality of services provided, work to ensure the safety of everyone on the ward, encourage other colleagues and ward management to consider their approach to resolving crisis. They will assess the situation and if necessary call for restrictive measures to be used which will be evidence based, reasonable and justified. The crisis de-escalation team will be part of the ward staff team and will be directly involved in the service user’s care, they are also required to fulfil other functions on the ward as a full staff member as to dilute their abilities not focusing on deescalation team duties only.Employees that will be part of this crisis de-escalation team will receive training and on-going training on new proposed change while retaining their full time staff employment on the ward. This is to ensure that ward does not lack the resources and understaffed while the training is on-going and change implementation is rolled out on the ward.Funding for this change initiative will come from the ward budget, manager being part of the change champions will facilitate the fund. It is important to note that the change does not call for more employment rather it asked for special training given to the staff implementing the change. Encouragement to fund this change will be from the positive feedbacks from consultation of the ward management and healthcare professionals, and it was also the major drive towards the proposed change implementation strategy. Methodology The description and analysis of the research studies are evidence based which were rallied through qualitative data, detailed accounts of an actual experience and observations, also through implementation of ideas and resourcefulness from a success elsewhere in Australia, America and hospital ward in Scotland. The implementation was assimilated into a draft restructure practice strategy. Fifteen of the research studies carried out was a retrospective analysis that examined incidents on the ward through incident reports and restrictive practices used, but in some cases additional information was obtained from descriptive statistics gotten from other sources.Nineteen research studies were rallied from questionnaires or data that are collected on a periodic basis to obtain information, and 10 of them are done through qualitative research methodology. Twenty research studies were focused on the instances where less restrictive measures was used to deescalate challenging situations and the method that was applied. The research involved a comparison of outcomes on the more use of restrictive practices and less restrictive practices used on the ward to analyse the effectiveness of each these measures before, during and after it was applied.The research studies were conducted in 3 different Intensive Care Units (ICU) in a psychiatric hospital/ward. Research studies were also done in an acute inpatient ward and early intervention unit within the psychiatric hospital. You read "Crisis De-escalation Team" in category "Papers"Definition of the change proposal Crisis de-escalation team is about having special trained staff on the ward that will be designated to manage the triggers of aggression and crisis, engage with service users in polite and calm manner to better understand their point of view and seek for possible alternatives to stop the crisis from escalating. The team should employ empathy and compassion, know what to do and say at any situation, respecting the crisis circle, remained composed, cool and calm when dealing with crisis and try to resolve the situation without applying the use of restrictive practices.Violence can sometimes arise unexpectedly on the ward and overwhelmed everyone; it is true to say that when healthcare professionals are overwhelmed and understaffed they are likely to react in such a manner that may escalate the crisis. Implementing the crisis de-escalation team is to also reduce tension, minimise any panic and frustration from staff members when they are face with circumstances beyond their control.When it come using restrictive practices to manage these ongoing rising challenging behaviours on the ward, healthcare professionals have often struggled to come up with explanations to justify what accounts to good practice on restrictive practice in the context of keeping everyone on the ward safe. Barriers to change implementation Barriers to the change implementation were encountered mainly from three different areas, hospital management, what need to change and the employees. Before a successful change strategy can be developed, barriers to the change need to be identified.n? Employees unwillingness to embrace change? Employees resistance to change? Ineffective communication strategy? Ward Financial shortfall and funding ? Shortage of staff and shift patterns? Lack of understanding of what needs to change and knowledge of skills needed for the implementation? Employees fear of the unknown.Overcoming the barriers to change implementation Identifying the barriers to the proposed change and how to overcome them is a good step towards achieving successful implementation of planned change initiative.Ways to overcome to overcome these barriers are follows: Effective communication strategy:- There should be a clear and honest communication to employees and the stakeholders about what need to change and why it needed to change. Employees should be explained probably benefits the change will bring to them and hospital ward.†¢ Good Leadership:- This is needed for the change implementation to be successful. Employees need to be carried along and be involved in the change process. As some employees are reluctant to embrace change, they should be made to understand why the change is better than status quo and why it is necessary. Training should be provided to the volunteered employees that will Help drive the change forward. Also awareness is very important because healthcare professionals on the ward need to understand the planned change goals, targets and the strategies of implementing the change.†¢ Provision of incentives and resources to help drive healthcare professionals towards the change, this will be a motivating strategy to get them on-board with the change. Simplifying the planned change initiative:- It should not be complex to understand and implement. The change should be localised, small but meaningful change that will not require a lot more staff than already existed. The implementation will not be made to result in big shakeups within the ward and should be phased. Whom the proposed change initiative will benefit/affect Based on the index analysis, research studies and observations at the ward on the restrictive practices, the proposed change initiative (crisis deescalation team) will benefit everyone on the ward including the service users, employees and management. How the proposed change will be implemented Identifying the barriers to proposed change initiative and overcoming the barriers is a good step towards the successful implementation of the change.The change implementation is planned and will happen by incremental change. Based on evidence, experts opinion and research analysis have proven that implementation of a successful change in a hospital ward is always difficult and challenging because of complex relationships that exists stakeholders, management, managers and healthcare professionals. Despite these barriers, any small meaningful change that will bring about evidence based best practice to positively improve the quality of care provided the service users on the ward is worth implementing and evaluated to monitor the progress.†¢ Support and approval from the leadership for the change initiativeSometimes good change initiatives ended up not been implemented because there was no leadership support for it. Getting the leadership support and the stakeholders on the board with the proposed change initiative is a huge step in the implementation stage of the proposed change initiative, the need for the change should to be properly communicated to the ward manager, and a case on need for the change to happen should be communicated to the manager. Data analysis, surveys based on observations and research findings should be presented to the manager and the leadership team on the ward to get them involved in the change initiative plan.With the manager’s approval for the change to happen, the manager will therefore help to resolve conflicts of interests and negotiate with the stakeholders to help make the case why the change initiative is needed to be implemented on the ward. The manager as part of the agent for the change should appoint leaders of the change initiative, and will help provide the tools, skills and training, and possibly the funding for the change from the budget or increase in the budget. Identifying the proposed Change agentsVolunteers will be identified within the ward and it will be ward employees that will be trained to help champion the proposed change. They should be given the chance to decide on their own to become the change agents and will work closely with the ward manager for provision of information and resources needed to push forward with the change. Communication and awarenessThe appointed leaders of the change will use all communication methods (Mass, interactive and face to face) to explain what need to change is an important step in change implementation. These involves ? Explaining the change initiative to the employees and everyone that will be impacted on the change initiative.? There should be an open dialogue to entertain concerns, questions and individual opinions on the change initiative.? There should be a constant reminder and follow-up of the planned change initiative. Skills and learning required for the implementation Training will be provided to healthcare professionals that will champion the change initiative. There are private training institutions (BSI) that offers best training in crisis management planning, with the approval of the manager, the volunteered staff will undertake short course training. Also other trust provided practical courses on crisis resolution should be provided to enable them know when and to put their knowledge into action. This is to carry out best evidence based practice on de-escalate the triggers of violence and aggression from service users.Although the team members of this change initiative will be on voluntary basis, the ward manager will provide incentives to team members of this change as an encouragement and motivation. Implementing change initiative through engaging employees and healthcare professionals at all level within the ward.All the change agents including the manager, stakeholders and volunteered champions of change will actively engage with every staff member on the ward. This will be to create a better understanding of why this change initiative is very important and how it is small necessary step towards resolving the rising violence and aggression from service users. This change implementation is bottom-up approach and will require genuine interest and participation from the employees, employees are the ones that have been directly affected by the status quo and will be impacted more from the new change initiative. Healthcare professionals will to be motivated to participate fully in the change implementation timeline and initial goal plans. Monitor the implementation, examine the results and recognise the successEarly stages of implementation will be closely monitored to assess strengths and challenges; there will be follow ups and reviews. There will be surveys and audits carried out to compare the status quo and change, this will be done to know if the change is having the expected outcome and also know if there are areas of the change that will require further improvement. Change champions will be encouraged and motivated through celebration of change success. Momentum will be built on the change by rewarding the employees that are championing the change implementation. Other staffs will be encouraged to become part of the change team; this is to reduce any change resistance that may exist within the employees and create way for successful change implementation. How to cite Crisis De-escalation Team, Papers

Thursday, December 5, 2019

Logistics and Operations Management Execution - Control and Design

Question: Analyse the problems of controlling component activities and of controlling quality. Critically discuss methods of project evaluation and of scheduling resources. Answer: Introduction to Apple MacBook Pro The execution, control and design of operations which helps in converting resources into desired products and services are called operation management. It deals with the implementation of the organizations business strategy. In the year 2006, January 10, the first original fifteen inch MacBook Pro was launched by Steve Jobs. The product was launched at Macworld Conference and Expo. Later on, the seventeen-inch model was launched on 24th April 2006. The product which was designed first uses Intel Core CPUs instead of using PowerPC G4 chips. PowerPC G4 is only used on Apple computers as well as on Eyetech. It is a fourth generation microprocessor. On the other hand, Intel Core microprocessors were mainly created for the business purpose. These processors get updated frequently. The first one was Intel Pentium with its successive Pentium 2, Pentium 3 and Pentium 4. The second one was Intel Core with its successive Intel Core 2 Solo, Core 2 Duo, Core 2 Quad and Core 2 Extreme. The last o nes are Core i3, i5, and i7. This Apple product is the high-end model of the MacBook family. In the year 2008, October 14, the second generation of computer was launched and was called as the unibody. This model has more shaped design and it has the outer case which was made up of the single slab of aluminum. Later the model was called aluminum unibody MacBook. Some updates were introduced in the MacBook Pro with processors such as Intel Core i7 and i5. A technology named Thunderbolt of Intel Company was also introduced in the product. In June 2012, Apple released the third generation MacBook Pro with a display of fifteen inches. One of the most attractive features of the third generation MacBook Pro is Retina display. This display has higher resolution. The optical drive was removed from the system. The hard disk drives were also replaced with solid-state drives. Apple uses OS X as their main operating system. This operating system is built on UNIX platform. It was engineered in such way so as to take the full advantage of the capability of the hardware. The operating system comes with amazing and exciting applications for everyday use. The applications are Photos, iMovie, GarageBand, Pages, Numbers, Keynote, Safari, Mail, Messages, FaceTime, Calendar, Notes, Reminders, Maps, Contacts, iBooks, App Store and iTunes. The graphics and processor with its all-flash architecture display and memory provide excellent capabilities of video editing. Software like Final Cut Pro based on professional video editing and Logic Pro based on professional music composing are only supportable in MacBook. This innovative technology brought a revolution in the professional world. The importance of process designs on Apple MacBook The designing of a product like Apple MacBook Pro can be done by utilizing a regular series of processes that engineers employ while creating functional products (Sanchez-Rodrigues, Potter and Naim, 2010). The concept of engineering is based on business knowledge and the product to generate ideas and convert them into usable objects. It is known as product design. Before developing a product, it is vital for a designer to know very carefully about the demand for the product in the market. The product must be designed according to the customer needs. Regular customer gives feedback about an old version of products regarding including new features and applications or making the product user-friendly (Borisov and Velyova, 2016). After that, screening of product plays a significant role such as attractiveness of the product operation. It also shows the risk of the operation. The designing of product requires series of stages before launching it to the international market. Each of these phases has owned individual significances. The stages are as follows: Specifying the package components It is the first phase of preliminary product design. It is very crucial as it determines what components will be introduced into the product (Chambers, 2013). For example, in MacBook Pro basic product specifications such as hard disk drives, microprocessors, RAM, ROM, DVD writer need to be introduced before launching it into the market. Reduction in complexity of design This is the second stage which reduces the complexity of the product. The reduction in complexity makes a product more-user friendly. It makes a product easier to use. There are three common approaches for complexity reduction such as commonality, standardization, and modularization (Miser, 2011). The former approach helps in simplifying the complexity based on the design by utilizing common elements of products. The next one deals with the diversity in product. The last one is about designing the sub-components in a product. For example, adding software specifications such as the introduction of applications and features. Final process to create a package In this stage, final packaging is done. It is a very crucial stage as it assembles all the parts and put into a single unit to create the final product. The next one is designing improvement and evaluation of a product. Typical techniques are used at this stage to evaluate and improve the preliminary design (Banks, 2013). The techniques are the Taguchi method, deployment of quality function and value engineering. The former one is testing the robustness of the design. The next one ensures that whether the product design meets the demands of the customer. The last one reduces cost and prevents any unnecessary cost before the production of the product. Finally, it is important to provide the final details of the product. The aims and objectives of designing Apple MacBook Before launching any product, all companies including Apple must set its goals, objectives and strategies for the marketing of a product. The marketing can be well understood by the marketing mix (J. Wilson, 2015). The marketing mix has 4 Ps such as price, promotion, product, and place. The 4 Ps of marketing help the marketing manager to develop successfully a strategy based on promotion and services of products to customers. Firstly, a price is the cost of products. The promotion is the strategy behind advertising of product to target customers. The product or merchandise is something which can be sold in the market, satisfying the customer needs and demands. In the case of places, the buyers look for places where they can find products. Based on product, Apple offers finest products at best prices. Their objectives are to continue for creating innovative products (P. Dempsey, 2015). The Apple team will need a good team to create their innovative products in the international market. Due to their innovation, they make a leading position in the market. They need a strong research and a strong development team. On the other hand, they need to dictate and innovate the movement of future technology. Apple must continue to improve their technology since technology is changing and customer seeks for more innovation. After all, brand loyalty is important. They must study the market to understand what customer want while improving their current product. The company needs to expand their stores around the world. As the result, this expansion of stores can increase their customers from the corners of the world. Other places like selling their products online will be an advantage for the company. Based on their price, they sell branded products at best price. The objective regarding their price is to sustain and enter finest pricing while attempting to get profit from market share. However, it will be profitable for them to use low cost during the manufacturing of products. On promotion side, the company can make a great advantage by following excellent marketing strategies behind their advertisement of products with the help of mass media like TVs, radios, and newspapers (P. Dempsey, 2015). The stages of designing a product The designing of a product must be done by following proper steps. It needs proper control and planning with inventory and capacity management. It also needs proper resources and risk management because risks are normal factors which get involved during a manufacturing process. For example, during the manufacture of Apple MacBook some accident may happen which can be harmful to the company and its employees. There are few stages which are to be followed during its manufacturing method (The Teardown: MacBook Air 13-inch 128GB, 2013). Generating an idea Before the development of a product, making an idea is necessary. The best way to start is with SWOT analysis of the product which describes about the strength, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of a product. Others are doing market research, looking at competition market and taking suggestions from employees and partners. Screening the idea Screening criteria need market potential and affordability. Development of concept and testing It is the stage of developing a concept about the product and testing it. For example, every system is built on a basic algorithm. Therefore, MacBook Pro also needs an algorithm (Liikkanen and Reavey, 2015). Analysis of business Once, the concept has been developed; business analysis is done. It includes marketing strategy, a positioning of the product, highlighting the target market as well as marketing mix of the product. This analysis is done based on a demand of the product, identification, and competition of such a point where the total revenues equal total expense and a full assessment of the cost. Product development As soon as the new product is approved for its proper research, the product is passed through technical and development stage. Testing the market It introduces the product prototype based on the proposed plan of the market. Here, testing is processed based on consumer uses. This procedure is necessary to validate the complete concept, and it is utilized for further refinement process. Commercialization When the product is finally developed and tested, final decisions are made so as to launch the product into the market. Launching the product It is the last step which describes a detailed plan about the launching of the product. All these stages require operation management which is concerned with the conversion of materials and labor into services and products to maximize the profit of the organization. The designing of the product also needs supply chain management which contains storage and movement of raw materials, finished goods, and inventory process. Impact on performance of designing a product Apple MacBook Pro is a well known branded product, and it requires intelligent skills of the employee rather than hard physical work during the designing of this product. Their objectives behind their manufacturing of product impact on the performance of the employees. Performance management aids on building high-performance culture for teams as well as the individual. Therefore, the employees take own responsibility for the improvement of the processes in business on the continuous basis. At the same time, they increase their skills by upgrading their skills within a management framework. The objectives of the organization enable the employees to achieve their better standards of the work performance (Apple Advertisement, 2012). It also aids the employees to identify the skills and knowledge which are required for performing the job efficiently and smoothly. As a result, it drives their focus towards performing a task in an appropriate and proper manner. On the other hand, it promot es personal development and advancement in the career of employees by aiding them in acquiring the desired skills and knowledge. As it is told earlier that Apple is a famous company, and, therefore, the objectives are made in such way so that it can boost the performance of the employees by encouraging the empowerment of the employees, their implementation, and motivation towards an efficient reward mechanism. This means that the employees will perform with an expectation of getting rewards from a famous company like Apple. This approach to performance management has become an indispensable instrument in the hands of the corporate. It is a future process as it involves both the employees and the supervisors with a target of setting a particular goal for the development of the company at the beginning of each year. Conclusion The above report is based on the marketing of Apple MacBook. The report includes the modification of the particular product and its strategies and objectives behind their marketing. The first portion describes about the details and specification of the product. The next portion deals with the importance of process design on Apple MacBook. The third one is about the aims and objectives of product design. The fourth portion describes about the stages of designing the product and the last one analyzed the impact of product performance. References Apple Advertisement. (2012). Computer, 45(6), pp.92-92. Banks, A. (2013). Independent guide to the apple macbook. 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